Table 1 Exposure experiments included in the current study. Piglet skin was classified as treated when it was exposed to 5% SLS for 1 h, and it was classified as untreated when it was left intact. The metal exposures were either nickel alone or in co-exposure with cobalt and chromium. Metals were dissolved in three types of exposure solvents (Milli-Q water, 0.5% SLS or ethanol), and per type of solvent the skin from six different piglet individuals was used (n = 6). Exposure time was 2–8 h. experiments shown in the table were performed for both nickel single exposure and co-exposure to nickel, cobalt and chromium. Including blank samples, a total of 48 different experiments were run, resulting in 288 Franz diffusion cells in total, and the skin of 36 different piglet individuals (N = 36) were used

From: Retention of nickel, cobalt and chromium in skin at conditions mimicking intense hand hygiene practices using water, soap, and hand-disinfectant in vitro