Table 8 Herbicide-associated immunological disorders

Metribuzin

Human analysis

-

Significantly associated with the risk of systemic autoimmune diseases (SLEs) and Sjogren’s syndrome (SS) in participants who exposed more than ten days a year.

Parks et al. [142]

2,4-D, ATZ, GLY, and SIM

Human analysis

-

Significantly associated with allergic wheeze.

Hoppin et al. [143]

PQ

Human analysis

-

Increased neutrophils and decreased lymphocytes levels.

Gao et al. [144]

C57BL/6J mice

20 mg/kg

Induced the apoptosis in effector or activated lymphocytes resulting in impaired memory immune response.

Shao et al. [145]

GLY

Human analysis

-

Significantly increased the risk of rheumatoid arthritis.

Parks et al. [141]

Cyprinus carpio

0.25 to 2 mg/L

Induced immune depression effect and altered other biochemical and hematological parameters.

Yousefi et al. [146]

BALB/c female mice

87.5 µg to 8.75 mg

F0 exhibited a slight eosinophil in lung lavage and increased TH2 cytokine production. Reduced immune response was observed only in female F1 mice. An abundant gut microbiome was also founded in F1offsping.

Buchenauer et al. [147]

ATZ

Human analysis

-

Significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis in lifetime days of use applicators.

Meyer et al. [140]

BALB/c female mice

23, 90, and 360 mg/kg

Altered the pathology of immune-related organs and decreased the proliferation ability of lymphocytes.

Chang et al. [148]

Honeybee

3.73 and 37.3 mg/L

Inhibited the expression of immunity, lipid metabolism, detoxification, and chemosensory genes as well as altered gut microbial composition.

Wang et al. [149]