Table 7 Herbicide-associated respiratory system disorders

Not specifically identified

Human study

-

Significantly associated between high prevalence of respiratory symptoms (wheeze and dyspnea) and farmers who applied high dose and mixed herbicide and ignored wearing PPE.

Sidthilaw et al. [128]

Human study

-

Significantly associated with poor pulmonary functions in agricultural workers, especially in prolonged and smoking workers.

Babaoglu et al. [129]

PQ

Rhesus monkeys

25 to 80 mg/kg

Induced pulmonary fibrosis with collagen deposition and inflammatory cells infiltration.

Shao et al. [130]

Human study

-

Increased WISP1 gene expression and developed pulmonary fibrosis in PQ-poisoning cases.

Li et al. [131]

C57BL/6J mice

40 mg/kg

Induced neutrophil infiltration and lung injury through HBGB1-TLR4-IL23-IL17A axis.

Yan et al. [132]

Sprague-Dawley male rats

10 and 50 mg/kg

Induced pulmonary fibrosis through Keap1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Yang, Xiao, and Shi [133]

C57BL/6J mice

40 mg/kg

Induced acute lung injury through miR-199-mediated SET.

Cai et al. [134]

Case report

10 g

Developed asthma attack after successful recovery.

Fan et al. [135]

ATZ

CD1 male mice

25 mg

Induced pulmonary damage and fibrosis through Nrf2 signaling pathway.

D’Amico et al. [136]

CD1 male mice

250 mg

Induced pulmonary inflammation through the induction of apoptotic Beclin 1/Lc 3 expression and Nrf2 signaling pathway.

D’Amico et al. [137]

2,4-D

A549 and WI38 cell lines

Maximum at 200 µM

Induced lung cytotoxicity through the disruption of the cellular tubulin-microtubule network.

Ganguli et al. [138]