Police officer occupational health: a model of organizational constraints, trauma exposure, perceived resources, and agency

Table 2 Two-sample Welch t-test values on each measured variable on each dependent variable

	Well-being (PWWS)	Distress (PDWS)	PTSD Symptoms (PCL-5)	PHW (Composite Factor)	PHW Cohen's d
Work Meaning	24.34***	−23.92***	−13.47***	25.09***	1.39
Work Recognition	17.52***	−18.14***	−9.62***	18.32***	1.01
Organizational Justice	17.01***	−17.92***	−10.98***	18.12***	1.00
Social Support	15.49***	−15.40***	−8.39***	15.9***	0.88
Decision Latitude	14.0***	−12.61***	−5.45***	13.39***	0.74
Trauma Distance	2.88*	−3.81**	−6.92***	6.41***	0.35
Has Firearm	2.17	−3.03*	−1.73	3.3**	0.18
Hierarchical	3.52**	−3.16*	−0.93	2.85*	0.16
Age	0.19	−2.06	−0.35	1.45	0.08
City Population	−0.41	−1.53	−1.91	1.07	0.06
Role Conflict	−11.31***	12.99***	11.07***	−14.59***	0.81
Psych Demands	−7.13***	9.92***	10.88***	−11.09***	0.61
Traumatic Event	−1.91	2.88*	7.09***	−5.23***	0.29
Sex	−3.86**	2.45	1.9	−3.36**	0.19
Education Level	−0.96	2.74*	1.26	−3.05*	0.17
Years of Service	−2.08	1.06	1.56	−1.71	0.09
Used Firearm	−0.02	−1.31	2.31	0.35	0.02

^* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001 after the Holm-Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The two samples for each variable (rows) are based on a median split of the dependent variable (column), except for the PCL-5 in which the recommended cut-off score of 31 was used. Values without asterisks are non-significant. PHW: Psychological Health at Work variable, is a composite of the first three outcome variables (PWWS, PDWS, PCL-5) which were weighted according to the coefficients derived from a confirmatory factor analysis. Positive t-values reflect higher values for the variable in the group associated with more well-being, distress, PTSD symptoms, or health at work (depending on column). Cohen’s d measures effect size for which values of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 are respectively associated with small, medium and large effect sizes

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