Metabolomics and proteomics in occupational medicine: a comprehensive systematic review

Table 5 Summary of studies reviewed on occupational exposure to psychosocial risk

Authors, year	Occupational exposure	Population	Biological matrix	Analytical methods	Main Outcome	Conclusions
Bizzarri et al., 2022 [100]	Night shift	1010 night shift workers and 1010 non-shift workers	Plasma	High-throughput nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy by Nightingale Health Plc	Male night shift workers exhibited higher levels of glycoprotein acetyls, triglycerides, and fatty acids than non-shift workers, suggesting low-grade chronic inflammation. No significant metabolic changes were observed in female night shift workers	Nocturnal shift work is associated with changes in metabolic markers in males, particularly relating to inflammation and lipid metabolism. These associations were not observed in females, highlighting potential sex differences in the metabolic impact of night shift work
Wen et al., 2022 [101]	Deep underground work environments focusing on sleep quality	39 participants: 27 deep-underground workers and 12 ground control volunteers	Urine	UPLC-triple-TOF-MS	Elevated levels of L-phenylalanine, L-tyrosine, and L-glutamine in deep-underground workers; acetoacetic acid and 2-hydroxyglutaric acid associated with sleep quality	The deep-underground environment influences amino acid metabolism and excitatory neurotransmitter levels, potentially affecting sleep-arousal regulation; identified metabolites may be biomarkers for environmental impact and sleep quality

Abbreviations Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC); quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF); Ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS); liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS); High-resolution metabolomics (HRM); Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS); 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE); 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE); matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS); Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS); isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ); Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR); Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS); ¹H NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopy; Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR); Nano liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS); Printer-emitted nanoparticles (PEPs); Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs); Particulate matter (PM); Metalworking fluids (MWFs); Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS); Trichloroethylene (TCE); Nasal lavage fluid (NLF)

ISSN: 1745-6673